Cleats or studs are protrusions on the sole of a shoe, or on an external attachment to a shoe, that provide additional traction on a soft or slippery surface. In American English the term cleats is used synecdochically to refer to shoes featuring such protrusions. Athletes have worn cleats since at least the 1500s. Although there are no images or surviving examples of cleats from that time period, the first written documentation of cleats comes from 1526, when “football boots” were listed in King Henry VIII’s Great Wardrobe. According to researchers, the English monarch ordered the royal cordwainer (shoemaker), Cornelius Johnson, to make him a pair of hand-stitched boots “to play football”. The shoes cost four shillings (about $200 today) and were probably made of especially strong leather. clothes historian in England discovered the order for the boots among records of Henry's wardrobe. Football remained a popular sport in England throughout the ensuing centuries, but it was...